![]() ![]() This grade calls for an upgrade in the thickness of the members, the quality of the frame construction, dovetail boxes, and how the wood veneer is laid up among many other things.Īs a typical rule of thumb, we typically call for Premium Grade on all of our projects. ![]() PREMIUM GRADE: Typically specified for use in those areas of a project where the highest level of quality, materials, workmanship, and installation is required. This can be as simple as butt construction with painted particle board members and is typically reserved for woodwork that is not in public view.ĬUSTOM GRADE: Typically specified for and adequately covers most high-quality architectural woodwork, providing a well-defined degree of control over a project’s quality of materials, workmanship, or installation. The grades are:ĮCONOMY GRADE: (which we rarely use) This specification indicates that you are expecting the most basic and minimum of all aspects of cabinet construction. There are three classifications of grades associated with these standards and just by specifying the grade, you can ensure the level of standard that you expect. I am a big fan of using and referencing AWI standards it makes sure that the millwork shop that is pricing or building our cabinets knows exactly to which standard they will be held. ![]() If for some reason the cabinet you are looking for doesn’t exist as a typical standard, all you do is choose the cabinet that matches most closely, and add the letter “M” (for “modified”) to the end of the cabinet designation. I took the above two images from the 2009 edition of the AWI Standards book that we have in the office, and there are approximately 20 pages worth of typical cabinet designs available from which to choose. The image above is just a small sample of the types of standard cabinets that are available to reference in the CDS. There are a considerable amount of typical cabinets already identified using the Casework Design Series (CDS) system and they are subdivided as follows:Īll of the cabinets in the CDS system are intended to be TYPE A construction with integral finished ends and scribes to wall not exceeding 1 1/2″ in width. The center number corresponds to a certain standard type of cabinet, and the numbers below correspond to the width, height, and depth of each individual cabinet. The graphic above (created by AWI) uses a series of symbols (squares rotate 45°) with a number contained in the middle, and an additional three numbers below. The image above is an example of a system of identifying cabinets using AWI’s “ Casework Design Series” nomenclature. AWI stands for “ Architectural Woodworking Institute” and they have organized the standards that we follow in our office for how cabinets are built. It was also during this time that I became intimately familiar with AWI standards. Since my first few years out of school involved (mostly) working on retail projects, I became pretty knowledgeable about how cabinets were built. ![]() In our every expanding desire to have our drawings look a particular way ( while at the same time conveying the sort of information that we believe will ultimately lead to a better built product), today we are going to be turning our attention to cabinetry. To that end, what I will be discussing today is the brainchild of Ryan Thomason, one of the employees in our firm. That sounds serious, doesn’t it? I won’t go so far as to completely eliminate my ego as a contributor to my line of thinking, but since I haven’t actually drawn any of these drawings, I’m going to add, that how we draw helps build the sort of design culture I am looking to establish in our office. I also believe that they serve the additional purpose of letting everyone know that I take my drawings seriously and they had better take them seriously as well. Architectural drawings serve the obvious purpose of conveying specific information in a linear and direct manner. ![]()
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![]() ![]() In case you’re looking for alternatives, you should check them out. Yes, there are numerous utility tools like SpeedFan and CheckDrive that analyse and display the health status of disk drives. Yes, the program doesn’t contain any malware or viruses and is completely safe to use on your Windows 10 and below versions. ![]() It monitors the drive’s SMART status to display complete information, including the current temperature of all your disks. Yes, CrystalDiskInfo works on both HDD (hard disk) and SDD (solid-state) drives, as well as on USB drives. In case you get stuck, you can refer to the help section or shoot out a question on sites like Reddit or Twitter. That said, there isn’t much in terms of support from the system or any explanation on the displayed information. Nevertheless, if you know what you’re looking for, the interface will help you get to it easily. While CrystalDiskInfo is a great utility tool, understanding all system values will require a good knowledge of computers. Other options to look at would be the program’s refresh frequency, and the startup wait-time until it automatically turns on. You can either enable system alerts or configure the program to send you an email. That is because it can give you enough time to create necessary backups. One of the primary reasons for downloading CrystalDiskInfo is to get an alert the moment the disks on your computer begin to malfunction. For anyone looking for system support, the help section consists of a few FAQs and basic guidelines on how to use the program, change settings, and configure advanced functionalities. In case you wish to change the theme, language, or any file, you can easily do so using other remaining sub-menus. Most of the information that you need will be available on the function segment. It also gives you direct access to the health status settings, as well as the device and disk manager options. On clicking the function sub-menu, you’ll be able to scan hard drives, display or hide different statistics, and refresh all visible data. The seven sections are function, file, edit, desk, theme, language, and help. When you launch CrystalDiskInfo, you’ll come across a window divided by sub-menus. information gathered by the utility tool. ![]() At the top of the program, you’ll be able to access the health and temperature of the disk of your choice, moving below you’ll get the remaining S.M.A.R.T. The program features a clean interface that displays the health status of all system drives in a compact and easy-to-understand manner. Clean and simple interfaceĪ great thing about CrystalDiskInfo download is that it makes it very easy to search for any information that you want. Moreover, the installation process is quite simple - all you have to do is follow the instructions on the screen and in no time you’ll be able to access all the features of the software. Though the application is compact, it is quite powerful and doesn’t slow down the system. This version of CrystalDiskInfo has a file size of less than 2M and is compatible with almost all versions of Windows, including Windows XP, Vista, and 7. CrystalDiskInfo alerts you, thereby giving you enough time to create backups of all your important files. This is quite essential because once a disk begins to fail, it can go downhill very fast. When you get CrystalDiskInfo download, you can easily access the SMART information of all available drives and get notified about system failures. It records information on disk temperature, running time, and failed read/write attempts, among other details. ![]() The well-known protocol stands for Self-monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology and is included in almost all hard drives these days. protocol to find out everything it can about system drives. How does CrystalDiskInfo work?ĬrystalDiskInfo uses S.M.A.R.T. You can access this information directly from the program’s interface or get instant notifications in case a drive starts malfunctioning. It displays as much information it can find on the PC’s solid-state drives (SDDs), hard disk drives (HDDs), as well as any external drives including USBs. CrystalDiskInfo is a utility tool designed to help you monitor the health of the drives on your computer. ![]() ![]() ![]() LEGO Technic 42141 McLaren Formula 1 Race Carħ6950 Triceratops Pickup Truck Ambush | 210 pcs | Avail. LEGO Jurassic World: Dominion sets Dinosaur Nursery: 19.99 27 pieces Pteranodon Chase: 19.99 91 pieces Atrociraptor Dinosaur Bike Chase: 19.99 167 pieces Blue and Beta Velociraptor Capture: 29.99 173 pieces Quetzalcoatlus Plane Ambush: 39.99 293 pieces T.LEGO Star Wars Helmets Collection (Luke Skywalker & The Mandalorian).LEGO Marvel Infinity Saga Thor’s Hammer.LEGO Brickheadz 40548 Spice Girls Tribute.Additionally, the Jurassic Park set is also available through Target.Ĭheck out more info on the sets below, and don’t miss the other new LEGO sets for Spring 2022: ![]() All three sets are available now for pre-order from LEGO with an availability date of April 17. 1 / 16 New Exclusives Corvette 149.99 Coming Soon on AugDeliveries and Returns Building Instructions Specifications Open the door to an immersive building project with the LEGO® Icons Corvette (10321) model building set for adults. A new collection of Lego Jurassic World sets has just been unveiled to tie in with Jurassic World: Dominion, and they'll be joining the best Lego sets on shelves from April 2022. rex Breakout, is a 1,200-piece diorama meant for display that features the long-awaited Ford Explorer tour vehicles, along with a minifigure-scale version of the famous rampaging tyrannosaur we got in 75936 Jurassic Park: T. This morning LEGO has revealed three new sets from the Jurassic World franchise, including two sets from this summer’s upcoming Jurassic World Dominion film and one from the original movie that kicked it all off, Jurassic Park. ![]() ![]() ![]() What do you think? Is FlexiHub something you could see yourself needing? Let us know down below in the comments or carry the discussion over to our Twitter or Facebook. If FlexiHub sounds like the right tool to fulfill your needs, try it out using the 7-day free trial and see for yourself just how handy this software can be. Just like every other operation done in FlexiHub, chatting is also done in a completely secure connection, featuring 256-bit SSL encryption.įlexiHub can also be an important ally for companies and professionals providing remote technical support – tools for sharing access to a computer, like TeamViewer, are quite popular and widely use but, with FlexiHub, other devices connected to USB and COM ports are also remotely available, making troubleshooting them or accessing data within them as simple as possible. That collaboration is made even easier with FlexiHub thanks to the built-in communication system, FlexiChat (available for Windows only). Within the software it is possible to select which devices should be made accessible, giving total control to the admin over what can and cannot be accessed. It is also possible to invite other FlexiHub users to connect to your devices, making sharing and collaboration a breeze. Several computers and their respective connected devices can be added, making this software a central point of access to all those devices. With FlexiHub, any device connected to USB and COM ports (the latter available only on Windows) on a computer can be accessed from any other location, even on the opposite side of the world, provided there is an internet connection. Now, with FlexiHub, everyone can share USB devices as well, all with easy-to-use software that requires no complicated configurations to start working, and is available for Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android. People also want to have constant access not only to computers, but also to the external devices connected to them.Īlso common these days is to remotely access devices over a network, mostly computers. This makes sharing quite important, not only online but also offline, in places such as an office. FlexiHub comes with a demo subscription during which you can test the service for free within 30 days with 5 sessions available.More and more, people want to have easy access to everything that is related to computers and the internet. FlexiHub is distributed via a subscription-based model. FlexiHub features the ?Keep connection alive? and ?Auto-connect? built-in options to minimize any possible downtimes to make USB device sharing as reliable as possible. Also, it offers optional data compression and the Private Tunnel Server to maximize your connection speed. Decidimos que la mejor manera de abordar estos interrogantes era con una página dedicada a responder a las preguntas más frecuentes sobre FlexiHub. Muchos usuarios tienen preguntas sobre FlexiHub, como por ejemplo, qué puede hacer el software y cómo funciona. Even after removing both the program and its bundled programs, they continue to. FlexiHub FAQ: Respuestas sencillas a las preguntas más frecuentes. FlexiHub uses 2048-bit SSL encryption to protect traffic, has Login tokens for safe account sharing, and auto-connect features. I would like to remove Flexihub and all its references from my computer. Also, FlexiHub can be used to redirect COM ports over Ethernet (supported only by the Windows version). FlexiHub is a cross-platform service capable of connecting USB devices between different operating systems: Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and Raspberry Pi. the device type is detected automatically when connected to remote machines. ![]() FlexiHub is a driverless solution?it does not require any device drivers installed on the local computer, i.e. FlexiHub is a convenient software service for individuals, small teams, and major organizations that supports all of the key connection protocols: TCP/IP, UDP, and RDP. and has remained the flagship product since it was presented in 2014. It is a subdivision of Electronic Team, Inc. A continuación, descarga la aplicación en el ordenador local, al que está conectado directamente tu controlador USB. En primer lugar, debe crear una cuenta en el sitio web del software. FlexiHub is a software-as-a-service for redirecting all types of USB devices over the network and accessing remote USB devices over the Internet. A continuación se explica cómo utilizar FlexiHub para acceder de forma remota a un controlador de vuelo USB: 1. ![]() ![]() ![]() The major challenge in this approach lies in the application of fundamental discoveries in light-harvesting systems for the improvement of plant or algal photosynthesis. With the increased understanding of light-harvesting mechanisms and their regulation, efforts are focusing on the development of sustainable processes for effective conversion of sunlight into functional bio-products. High-resolution microscopy and spectroscopic studies on membrane dynamics demonstrate the crosstalk between antennae and other thylakoid membrane components. The basic feature of these prompt responses is the dynamic nature of antenna complexes, whose function readily adapts to the light available. At the same time, several strategies have been developed to optimize the light energy input into photosynthetic membranes in response to fluctuating conditions. Adaptation to different light environments led to the evolution of an astonishing diversity of light-harvesting systems. More on these topics very soon.Photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae are pigment-binding proteins that perform one of the most fundamental tasks on Earth, capturing light and transferring energy that enables life in our biosphere. We are extremely excited to unveil it to you all shortly. This new project further augments the synergies between 2CAudio and Galbanum and has been in development for several years now. We are also currently in the final stages of a new 2CAudio product that will truly blow your mind. All work on the GMD Limited label is available for sync licensing.Ģ014 will also see the release of many new and exciting sound-design and content libraries from Galbanum. GMD Limited has been formed to expand the "aural allusion" half of our motto and extend our interest in effective emotional story telling to reach as many people as possible. In a one sentence summary: Galbanum has always been about two things: "Sonic Science" and "Aural Allusion". The first release on this label is Andrew's neoclassical solo-piano album "The Idea Of You." This may surprise some of you who have come to know us for extreme sound-design, but this is something we are extremely passionate about and we encourage you to read the first two questions in our FAQ to understand why we are so passionate about it. This is a record label and publishing company formed primarily to handle the creative output of Andrew Souter and peers. Most importantly we have launched the Galbanum Music Division (GMD Limited). ![]() ![]() We are always happy to work with new companies and people in these areas. ![]() We have expanded our professional Services listings to include many examples of the various services we have offered over the years in addition to our esteemed product lines. All listings for existing product lines have been refreshed and now use SouncCloud for audio demos which makes previewing much more user friendly. As you can see we have a completely new and modernized website that has been redesigned to maximize your experience. Today we are pleased to introduce to you the next phase of Galbanum. If you have additional questions, please see our FAQ and other Info Pages. 2CAudio develops software, Galbanum develops content, and Designer Sound markets, sells, and distributes these products as efficiently as possible so that the technical development teams are free to obsessively focus on RnD and product design in effort to create some of the best products in our industry. It doesn't get much more simple than that!ĭesigner Sound is founded and run by Andrew Souter of 2CAudio and Galbanum. My Downloads is a centralized area that contains all of your product downloads including legacy versions, serial numbers, links to order details, and invoices. You may use the Password Recovery tool if needed to reset your password. To access them simply logon and go to the My Downloads area of the My Account section of the store. Your existing account, order history, and assets have been transfered to this new platform. The venerable Galbanum web store which faithfully served our needs for over a decade has morphed into a new entity, Designer Sound Limited, which is now the primary distribution, order fulfillment, and asset management service for 2CAudio, Galbanum, and other select partners.ĭesigner Sound has been designed to be your centralized hub to learn about and purchase new tools and content as well as to manage your existing assets such as product updates and serial numbers. After countless hours of hard work we are pleased to share with you our new web store platform. ![]() ![]() ![]() Not only that, but those livestock settlements that were not members of a conservancy and were within the home range of a lion pride had a large negative effect on lioness survival rates. The paper, published in the Journal of Applied Ecology, shows that the average lion population density within the Mara’s conservancies – almost 12 lions per 100km2 – between 20 was 2.6 times higher than previously reported in 2003. Where there are lions and other carnivores, you get more tourists and local people are financially better off. Households with conservancy membership receive a share of the money that comes from wildlife tourism. Now new research has found that lions are doing better in the Masai Mara ecosystem, in Kenya (where in fact the overall country trend is down) thanks to the creation of community conservancies. In Zimbabwe, numbers have grown by more than 1,000 per cent (but from a very, very low base of about 50), mainly on the back of trophy hunting.īut in all of West Africa and even popular wildlife tourism destinations such as Botswana, Tanzania and Zambia, they're disappearing at a rate of knots. In South Africa, for example, the population increased by 7 per cent over two decades, largely thanks to the use of fencing that separates the predators from the people. Lions in some countries are fairing better than others. In short, people kill lions to stop them from taking their cows, sheep and goats. ![]() Populations are declining across Africa, mainly because of increasing conflict with herders of cattle and other livestock. ![]() What do you think will save lions from going the way of sabre-toothed cats? More severe penalties for persecution? Greater restrictions on where people can live? Or a model that offers those Africans who live with lions some recompense for doing so? ![]() ![]() Of course you feel its size in tight urban areas, but it never punishes the driver or jounces along rough pavement. While quite capable off-road, the Ram really stands apart from other full-sizers on the pavement, where the coil-link suspension (a Ram trait since 2009) and optional air setup give it a quiet, billiard-table-smooth ride and reasonably sharp responses to driver inputs for such a big vehicle. There are also locking diffs and optional all-terrain tires, and the Rebel trim adds a TRX-like look as well as skid plates and tow hooks. Although the 1500 TRX is by far the most off-road oriented Ram, the regular 1500 offers plenty of dirt trail capability and the optional air suspension can even raise the ground clearance to 10.7 inches. Like other full-size trucks, Rams default to rear-wheel drive with four-wheel drive (4WD) optional on all but one model. All three choices use an eight-speed automatic transmission. The 3.0-liter EcoDiesel V6 offers 260 hp and 480 lb-ft and delivers the Ram’s best tow ratings. Next up is the 5.7-liter “Hemi” V8 with 395 hp and 410 lb-ft, which is offered with or without the mild-hybrid system, though since the cost is the same there’s no reason to skip it. Base models start with a 3.6-liter V6, making 306 horsepower and 269 pound-feet of torque with a standard mild-hybrid “eTorque” assist system. The Ram 1500 offers three engine choices. All Ram 1500s have comfy interiors, but on the high-end trims like the Limited, they’re also exceedingly luxurious, with fine materials including real leather and wood. While the pricey top models offer the lap of luxury, every 1500 is a comfy and family-friendly machine, and a must-drive for prospective pickup purchasers. Tradesman, Tradesman HFE (High Fuel Efficiency), Big Horn, Lone Star, Rebel and Laramie all come in Quad or Crew cab, save for the Quad-cab-only HFE. Eight trims take the Ram 1500 from workhorse to luxury liner. Speaking of wallets, Ram does not offer as many standard safety features as Ford or Toyota, but lots of active-safety gear costs extra, as do many other things. (Depending on the eye, and credit score, of the beholder). Ram also doesn’t offer some of Ford’s neat jobsite tricks, but its standard infotainment system is good and its optional 12-inch screen even better, and on the upper trims it may be the most luxurious full-size truck on the market. The optional split tailgate is neat, but not as useful as Ford’s stairstep or GM’s multi-function tailgates. ![]() These extend to the cargo bed too, including the sidewall-filling optional RamBox storage units. Inside, the 1500 is simple and logical but comfortable and filled with clever storage options. The Ram trails Ford and GM on towing and payload capacity, though it’s close to Toyota on towing and superior on payload. The now-endangered diesel offers excellent fuel economy and more torque than GM’s oil burners. It makes no sense to skip it, however, as it really does improve economy. The standard V6 comes with a 48-volt mild hybrid assist while the optional V8 can be had with or without the hybrid system. Alex KwantenĪll three of the Ram’s engines put down decent power and fuel economy. It hasn’t changed much visually since 2019, but the Ram 1500 has lots of visual presence to match its refined road manners and hauling capability, even in the mid-range Big Horn trim. ![]() Its standard coil-link rear suspension and optional air suspension offer a sedan-smooth ride and decent handling for a big truck. Modern truck buyers overwhelmingly choose crew cabs, which makes it much easier for a big half-ton to do double-duty as a family vehicle, and the Ram’s advantages over its competitors are all about real-world livability for just that reason. One thing the current 1500 does not offer that the Classic does is a single-cab, long-bed configuration, but this isn’t surprising. There are two other 1500s we review separately: the wild 702-horsepower Ram 1500 TRX and the old Ram 1500 Classic (really the fourth-generation 1500, new way back in 2009). There’s some new standard equipment and special editions, but the 1500 is otherwise mostly unchanged. ![]() Production of the 1500’s optional EcoDiesel V6 (which ties GM’s diesels for best-in-class fuel economy) will end in January of 2023. Ram has subtly but steadily updated the 1500 since its introduction, but what’s notable about 2023 is what will go away. GM’s half-ton alternatives, the Chevy Silverado and GMC Sierra, got major 2022 upgrades to narrow the gap, but still aren’t quite at the Ram’s level of refinement and (available) luxury. Five model years later it’s still one of the best vehicles in the segment, holding its own with the redesigned-in-2020 Ford F-150 and last year’s all-new Toyota Tundra. When the fifth-generation Ram 1500 debuted for 2019, it set new standards among full-size trucks for refinement, crash safety, fuel efficiency and available luxuries. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() You can then pass a queryset or list of objects to be serialized. To serialize a queryset or list of objects instead of a single object instance, you should pass the many=True flag when instantiating the serializer. The Serializer class can also handle serializing or deserializing lists of objects. A custom manager for result objects class SavedOnceManager(models. Again, using the Serializer class looks a lot like using a Form class. I have a class like this class Quiz(): fields. We can now use CommentSerializer to serialize a comment, or list of comments. Im still learning how to use this nice framework and I noticed something weird. ![]() If we don't define this method, then deserializing data will simply return a dictionary of items. The restore_object method is optional, and is only required if we want our serializer to support deserialization into fully fledged object instances. The restore_object method defines how fully fledged instances get created when deserializing data. The first part of serializer class defines the fields that get serialized/deserialized. Instance.created = attrs.get('created', instance.created) when you need to run some custom code during serialization of a particular field. Instance.email = attrs.get('email', instance.email) This post assumes a basic familiarity with the Django REST framework. Given a dictionary of deserialized field values, either updateĪn existing model instance, or create a new model instance. We'll declare a serializer that we can use to serialize and deserialize Comment objects.ĭeclaring a serializer looks very similar to declaring a form: from rest_framework import serializersĬlass CommentSerializer(serializers.Serializer):Ĭontent = serializers.CharField(max_length=200)ĭef restore_object(self, attrs, instance=None): Let's start by creating a simple object we can use for example purposes: class Comment(object):ĭef _init_(self, email, content, created=None): Im trying to create a custom serializer method that counts the number of passed and failed quizzes from my QuizResults model. It provides a Serializer class which gives you a powerful, generic way to control the output of your responses, as well as a ModelSerializer class which provides a useful shortcut for creating serializers that deal with model instances and querysets. REST framework's serializers work very similarly to Django's Form and ModelForm classes. Serializers also provide deserialization, allowing parsed data to be converted back into complex types, after first validating the incoming data. Serializers allow complex data such as querysets and model instances to be converted to native Python datatypes that can then be easily rendered into JSON, XML or other content types. Russell Keith-Magee, Django users group However, it's not a trivial problem, and it If a field does not match what your validate method is expecting raise a ValidationError.Expanding the usefulness of the serializers is something that we would In the example given above, type is checked an must be a certain string. So for example if I had a field name typeName the validate method name would be validate_typeName whereas if I had a field named type_name the validate method name would be validate_type_name. And so may not be included and the serializer would still be considered valid.įor values that need custom validation (in addition to simple type checking), aĬan be created where is substituted with the exact variable name as the field is given. Django REST framework: simplifying serializers by using custom fields Luccas Correa Follow 3 min read - Django REST framework is an awesome library that helps you. Note that the integer field age, required is set to False. By default, fields are required, and if not supplied will be marked as invalid by the serializer. Where name and type must be strings and age must be an integer as suggested. In the above example the serializer will accept and validate json containing three fields: name, age, and type. CharField ( ) def validate_type (self, attrs, source ) : type = attrs if type not in : raise ValidationError ( '%s is not a valid type' % type ) return attrs Fields can be whitelisted, blacklisted and child serializers can be optionally expanded. IntegerField (required = False ) type = serializers. The django-rest-framework-serializer-extensions package provides a collection of tools to DRY up your serializers, by allowing fields to be defined on a per-view/request basis. rest_framework import ValidationErrorĬlass ExampleSerializer (serializers. ![]() ![]() If you rent a car in Los Angeles, go for a scenic drive along the Pacific Coast Highway that carves through the mountains of Malibu. You can see a concert or enjoy a ride at the Universal Studios Hollywood theme park. While visiting LA, you will notice entertainment at every corner of the city. Some other renowned museums are the Grammy Museum, Natural History Museum, and Museum of Broken Relationships. LACMA is the most popular one for its diverse art collections and special exhibits. There are several fantastic museums in LA. If you are a beach lover, LA won’t disappoint you with its stunning beaches that include Malibu, Santa Monica, Manhattan Beach, Venice Beach, Hermosa Beach, and so on. Los Angeles is a large city full of tourist attractions that won’t let you stay idle. ![]() No matter what your interests are, whether it’s music, shopping, culture, art, or dining, you could spend months exploring all that Chicago has to offer. ![]() Its skyline reflecting off the waters of Lake Michigan is a sight to behold. The Philadelphia Museum of Art is also home to another essential stop in this iconic East Coast City: the Rocky Steps.Īnd, if you’re willing to work up a sweat, definitely consider running up them yourself during your classic American vacation in Philadelphia! Chicago, IllinoisĬhicago is the third-largest city in the US, and also one of the most ethnically diverse. Start–but don’t finish–exploring Philadelphia’s food scene at the historic Reading Terminal Market.īe sure to also make time to visit some of Philadelphia’s incredible museums during your visit, including the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Museum of the American Revolution (we loved this one), and touring the dark but fascinating Eastern State Penitentiary. You can’t miss Philly’s food scene when visiting, either–from whoopie pies to Philly cheesesteaks, the city has a (literal) flavor all its own. This is where the Declaration of Independence and the Consitution were signed, touring Independence Hall and visiting the nearby Liberty Bell are among the best things to do in Philadelphia today as a result! ![]() ![]() May not provide adequate protection against build-up of engine sludge.ĬAUTION - Not suitable for use in gasoline-powered automobile engines built after 1979.ĬAUTION - Not suitable for use in gasoline-powered automobile engines built after 1971. May not provide adequate protection against build-up of engine sludge, oxidation, or wear.ĬAUTION - Not suitable for use in most gasoline-powered automotive engines built after 1988. May not provide adequate protection against build-up of engine sludge, oxidation, or wear.ĬAUTION - Not suitable for use in most gasoline-powered automotive engines built after 1993. API SN with Resource Conserving matches ILSAC GF-5 by combining API SN performance with improved fuel economy, turbocharger protection, emission control system compatibility, and protection of engines operating on ethanol-containing fuels up to E85.ĬAUTION - Not suitable for use in most gasoline-powered automotive engines built after 1996. Introduced in October 2010, designed to provide improved high temperature deposit protection for pistons, more stringent sludge control, and seal compatibility. API SP with Resource Conserving matches ILSAC GF-6A by combining API SP performance with improved fuel economy, emission control system protection and protection of engines operating on ethanol-containing fuels up to E85.įor 2010 and older automotive engines. Introduced in May 2020, designed to provide protection against low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI), timing chain wear protection, improved high temperature deposit protection for pistons and turbochargers, and more stringent sludge and varnish control. Gasoline Engine Oil Service Classifications Here you can see the recommended oil for each ambient temperature: You should be aware of changes in weather and climate to keep your engine fully functional. As an example, a 5-30 is not the same as an SAE 5W-30. If the grade listed is not preceded by “SAE” and/or there is no “W-” between the first and second number, it may not be a multi-grade. This is important since oil naturally thickens when cold and thins when hot. ![]() The second set of numbers indicates how the oil flows at higher/operating temperatures. Multi-viscosity motor oils are designated by two numbers – the first set of numbers (0, 5, 10, 15 and 25), is indicative of how the oil flows at low temperatures and is followed by the letter W to designate the engine oil's "winter" grade. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) defines a numerical system for grading motor oils according to viscosity. conventional oils incorporate additives to change its viscosity. Thus, the viscosity index measures the ability of an engine oil to resist becoming thinner at high temperatures. The viscosity changes with temperature to ensure protection and operability under all circumstances. A higher viscosity implies a slower flow and a thicker fluid. Viscosity is simply the resistance of a fluid to flow. The first piece of information speaks to viscosity grade. The label includes two important pieces of information to determine if an engine oil is appropriate for use in your vehicle. ![]() The service rating is shown in the API "Service Symbol Donut" on the product label, usually found on the back label. The program certifies that an oil meets certain quality and performance standards. ![]() The service rating of passenger car and commercial automotive motor oils is classified by the American Petroleum Institute (API). "Dynamic Viscosities of (Methyl Acetate or Methanol) with (Ethanol, 1-Propanol, 2-Propanol, 1-Butanol, and 2-Butanol) at 298.15 K"įood Processing Technology: Principles and Practice (3rd ed.American Petroleum Institute (API) Service Symbol “Donut” The rheological properties of ketchup as a function of different hydrocolloids and temperature The Viscosities of Iodine Pentafluoride and Ditellurium Decafluoride Industrial & EngineeringĮffect of moisture content on the viscosity of honey at different temperatures "Viscosity of Glycerol and Its Aqueous Solutions". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 40 (1): 136–140.įood Processing Technology: Principles and Practice (3rd ed.) "Viscosity and Density of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Hydrocarbons, Esters, Ketones, and Normal Chloroalkanes". Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of 1-propanol and 2-propanol with acetonitrileĬRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 99th Edition ![]() |
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